Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (in German).
Sounds of our times: two hundred years of acoustics. On MIDI, A440 is note 69 (0x45 hexadecimal). It is designated A 4 in scientific pitch notation because it occurs in the octave that starts with the fourth C key on a standard 88-key piano keyboard. This standard was taken up by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 as Recommendation R 16, before being formalised in 1975 as ISO 16. In 1936, the American Standards Association recommended that the A above middle C be tuned to 440 Hz. The American music industry reached an informal standard of 440 Hz in 1926, and some began using it in instrument manufacturing.
Johann Heinrich Scheibler recommended A440 as a standard in 1834 after inventing the "tonometer" to measure pitch, and it was approved by the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians at a meeting in Stuttgart the same year. While other frequencies have been (and occasionally still are) used to tune the first A above middle C, A440 is now commonly used as a reference frequency to calibrate acoustic equipment and to tune pianos, violins, and other musical instruments.īefore standardization on 440 Hz, many countries and organizations followed the French standard since the 1860s of 435 Hz, which had also been the Austrian government's 1885 recommendation. It is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 16. A440 (also known as Stuttgart pitch ) is the musical pitch corresponding to an audio frequency of 440 Hz, which serves as a tuning standard for the musical note of A above middle C, or A 4 in scientific pitch notation.
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